2024-03-29T08:43:23+00:00https://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/jsonhttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/xmlhttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/rsshttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/atomhttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/kmlhttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/geojsonhttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results/format/qrcodehttps://marinefinds.org.uk/database/search/results112140finds-11MAS-6105BAFIREARMNINETEENTH CENTURYThis gun is a QF (quick firing) 6-pounder Hotchkiss, a light 2.25 inch (57 mm) naval and coastal defence gun from the late 19th century. The design appears to be pre-1890 as it does not have the recoil system that was introduced at that time. The original 1885 Mk I was a built-up gun with a vertical sliding-block breech. The name comes from the French manufacturing company, Hotchkiss, who were the major supplier of light QF guns in the world. This type of gun became a standard torpedo defence weapon; many navies bought this same type of gun (Friedman 2011).This gun was ship mounted and from the location given may have come from the French merchant vessel, SS Saint Andre, a 2457 tons French, screw-driven cargo steamer. In France in 1915, it was decided to arm merchant ships with guns against U-boats. Initially, small naval guns were used, with French steamers of more than 500 tons being issued with two guns with a calibre of 90 mm or more in three stages. First, all ships were armed with at least one gun. These small-calibre guns (47 mm, 57 mm, 65 mm) were then replaced with one more powerful gun. Finally, all steamers were armed with a gun more powerful than 90 mm. In a two-year period between 1916 and 1918, over 1600 merchant ships received one gun and another 400 received a second (Friedman 2011).
SS Saint Andre was built by Ateliers & Chantiers de France, a company founded in 1880, in Dunkerque in 1907 as Yard No. 46. On 19 December 1917, SS Saint Andre was on a voyage from Rouen, France, to Algiers, Algeria, with a cargo of empty casks and barrels, when it was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine UB-58, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Werner Fürbringer, nine miles southwest of the Eddystone Lighthouse, Devon. At the time of sinking the vessel was owned by Société Navale de l'Ouest, Le Havre. Saint Andre now lies in approximately 70 m of water. NRHE and Cornwall HER reference numbers cited within this record refer to the wreck of SS Saint Andre. Due to the ambiguity of the gun having come from the wreck of SS Saint Andre, the chronology of the find is broader.Armour and weapons3941188519501150/163MAS2016-07-01T00:00:00ZProjectile weapon1257850Cornwall HER Number: SX 33 SE 77With finder2016-07-25T14:12:59Z2016-08-26T12:44:03ZPAS5796105B001ACC12482841414PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC1E1600176F243750CornwallSX170749.93511828-4.55145117contemporary.rickety.muesli10MAS MASMASSteel11786Iron11019CastCompleteCorrodedNINETEENTH CENTURYMODERNFishingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckMAS6105BA_Image1.jpg7images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:25:32.61Zfinds-44MAS-100004CLAY PIPE (SMOKING)POST MEDIEVALAll three white pipes here are complete, and are of the short or 'cutty' form. Two carry relief moulded decoration featuring Masonic emblems (incorporating the crossed compass and square), while the third is in the form of a male head, wearing a thin-brimmed cap, possibly a military figure. Pipes with Masonic emblems were made from the mid-18th century in the UK, but remained popular into the early 20th century, while the male head falls into a group of more elaborate decorative pipes with bowls moulded in the form of human heads and animals, common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such decorative pipes would have been commonly exported.
Tobacco was grown in West Africa from the 17th century; the inhabitants made their own pipes, the manufacture evolving from that of pottery vessels, but they also imported some through the Atlantic trade (Knight 2010, 67). The inclusion here of the Masonic pipes is of interest; their use was not necessarily confined to Freemasons, but it is likely that they would have been of greater significance to smokers for whom the symbols they bore had meaning (White and Beaudry 2009, 220).These clay pipes were recovered from the wreck Loanda, along with 26 beads recorded as MAS-1F5444. Built in 1891 at Barrow-in-Furness (Cumbria) by the Naval Construction and Armaments Co., Loanda was a two-masted screw-driven steamer owned by the British and African Steam Navigation Co. On 31 May 1908, following a collision with SS Junona, Loanda foundered while under tow 1 mile east of St Margaret's at Cliffe, Kent. At the time of loss, the vessel was bound from Hamburg, Germany, to West Africa with a general cargo. This cargo, which has seen significant recovery by divers, included: clay pipes; bottles of wine and gin; glass beads; perfume bottles; pencils, writing slates and inkpots; lamps; and teacups, lids, dishes, pots, saucers, plates, jugs and eggcups. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.Dress and personal accessories3641175019081196/163MAS2016-07-12T00:00:00ZPersonal accessory901835Kent HER Number: TR 34 SE 108; TR 45 NE 256; TR 34 SE 112With finder2016-07-28T14:12:59Z2019-01-29T13:01:43Z4401253528439115PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC1E1600176F218210KentTR384451.14575261.4013985ramp.slouched.ambient10MAS-A50DBFMAS MASMASCeramic10539OtherMouldedCompleteFairPOST MEDIEVALx41047MODERNx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckP1050093.JPG3images/MASMF2019-01-29T13:01:43.692Zfinds-33MAS-1F5444BEADPOST MEDIEVALTwenty-six long drawn beads with a single cylindrical central perforation extending along the length of the bead. Varying in size, the beads measure approximately 25 mm in length and 8 mm in diameter, and some signs of wear are visible. The beads all have an opaque white core, cased in opaque red, cased in opaque white and finally cased in translucent blue on the exterior. The inner layers form a star pattern. The diameter cross-section is roughly cylindrical in the centre, whilst at the upper and lower ends the cross-section changes to become faceted in an octagonal shape, allowing the layers to be seen from the side.
These polychrome beads are of a type known as 'chevron' or 'rosetta' beads, which for several hundred years have been a speciality of the Venetian glassmakers. First appearing in the late 15th century, they were made from a short section of drawn-out hollow cane in a translucent greenish glass, coated with six further layers of white, translucent greenish, red and blue glass, and given a star-like cross-section by pressing in a 12-pointed corrugated mould; the canes were then cut into short lengths and the ends ground to expose the inner layers. Later beads may have fewer layers; they are still being made in Venice today, albeit in very small quantities. These beads can reach up to 90 mm in length and 60 mm in diameter, however the more common size is 20-30 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter.
In the UK, chevron beads usually belong to 16th or 17th century contexts, but they were also made in quantity for export to West Africa and the Americas, and the peak of production came during the 19th and early 20th centuries. These later beads were usually of four and six layers, in red, blue and white. Chevron beads are still highly valued in present-day West Africa, where they continue to be worn for prestige and ceremonial purposes, and are occasionally buried with the dead.These beads were recovered from the wreck of Loanda, along with three clay pipes recorded as MAS-100004. Built in 1891 at Barrow-in-Furness (Cumbria) by the Naval Construction and Armaments Co., Loanda was a two-masted screw-driven steamer owned by the British and African Steam Navigation Co. On 31 May 1908, following a collision with SS Junona, Loanda foundered while under tow 1 mile east of St Margaret's at Cliffe, Kent. At the time of loss, the vessel was bound from Hamburg, Germany, to West Africa with a general cargo. This cargo, which has seen significant recovery by divers, included: clay pipes; bottles of wine and gin; glass beads; perfume bottles; pencils, writing slates and inkpots; lamps; and teacups, lids, dishes, pots, saucers, plates, jugs and eggcups. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.Dress and personal accessories3641150019081196/163MAS2016-07-12T00:00:00ZJewellery901835Kent HER Number: TR 34 SE 108; TR 45 NE 256; TR 34 SE 112With finder2016-08-03T14:44:36Z2016-09-30T11:57:40ZPAS57A1F5440013D68252618284317115PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC1E1600176F218210KentTR384451.14575261.4013985ramp.slouched.ambient10MAS-1FC389MAS MASMASGlass10879OtherDrawnCompleteFairPOST MEDIEVALx41047MODERNx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckP1050090.JPG2images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:25:22.053Zfinds-77MAS-100007SPOONMODERNThis spoon is made of a metal alloy, possibly copper alloy, and was probably originally plated. Its manufacture would have been cast. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) crest is stamped into the end of the spoon. The crest features the RAAF monogram with a laurel wreath surmounted by a crown. This crest is the same style as that used for cap badges and is modelled from a Royal Air Force (RAF) crest.
The more widely adopted RAAF crest was commissioned and designed in 1937 and accepted in 1939. It is composed of the imperial crown mounted on a circle featuring the words 'Royal Australian Air Force' and overlaid with a wedge-tailed eagle. Beneath this the scroll work displays the Latin motto 'Per Ardua Ad Astra' (through adversity to the stars).
This spoon may have been issued by the RAAF victualling department for squadron members to use in the mess, or to a particular individual as one item of their personal mess gear accompanied by crockery and other cutlery. It was the Australian Defence Force that adopted the cutlery moniker 'eating irons'.
The spoon was discovered on Batten Beach, Plymouth, which is in proximity to RAF Mount Batten, a RAF station and flying boat base, and indicates the likely origin and time period of its loss, although it may have been produced any time after 1921, when the RAAF was formed.The RAF Station Mount Batten was used as a base for flying boats to defend south-west England since 1 October 1928. The start of the Second World War (WW2) saw an increase in operational flying from the base and it was also targeted during German air raids. Two Australian squadrons were under RAF operation control at Mount Batten during WW2: No 461 and No 10 Squadron, both flying the Short Sunderland.
No 461 Squadron was formed at RAF Mount Batten on 25 April 1942 as an anti-submarine squadron and was stationed there until 31 August 1942. It was disbanded on 4 June 1945, having destroyed six German U-boats. Sixty-four of the 86 squadron members killed were Australian.
No 10 Squadron was formed on 1 July 1939 and was the first RAAF and British Commonwealth squadron to see active service in WW2. Running anti-submarine operations and patrols, No 10 Squadron operated mainly from bases in southern Britain. It took over the base at Mount Batten in April 1940, however moved to Pembroke in May 1941. No 10 Squadron returned to Mount Batten in January 1942 and remained stationed there until it was disbanded on 26 October 1945, and left for Australia. The squadron sank six U-boats and lost 161 personnel during WW2.
The NRHE and City of Plymouth HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the base at Mount Batten.Food preparation and consumption414119401945382/163MAS2016-07-25T00:00:00ZCutlery1200528City of Plymouth HER Number: SX 45 SE 589With finder2016-09-08T08:56:24Z2016-12-14T10:47:45Z71728411445PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC1E1600176F223147DevonSX485350.35723329-4.13817474filled.record.crash10MAS MASMASCopper alloy10627CastPlatedCompleteCorrodedMODERNMODERNCoastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckDSC_0292.JPG15images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:25:06.061Zfinds-88MAS-100008MAMMAL REMAINSUNKNOWNThis tooth is a cattle (Bos spp) molar from the upper jaw. It has four crescentic cusps (polycuspid) forming a square crown, as well as four root elements. These characteristics are typical of selenodont teeth which are found in ruminant herbivores (e.g. cattle, goats, sheep, or deer). Viewed from the side, the crown of the tooth forms triangular profiles which, in combination with ridges, makes the sideways jaw motion of ruminants an effective way to break-up tough plant matter. Thus their function as crushing and grinding teeth.
The alternating layers of enamel, dentine and cementum are exposed. The surface of the neck of the tooth is white and grey, however, there is also a distinct bluish tinge to parts of the tooth that may indicate the presence of the iron phosphate mineral, vivianite. The presence of vivianite attached to bones is generally accepted as evidence of subfossil status.
Providing a relative date for this tooth is challenging as there are numerous reasons as to why it has not fully fossilised. It may be that not enough time has elapsed since the animal died, or the conditions in which the remains were deposited may not have been optimal for fossilisation. While the domestication of cattle occurred approximately 10,500 years ago in the Near East, it is generally accepted that domesticated cattle first appeared in England during the Neolithic (circa 4,000 BC) (Lynch et al. 2008).Ecofacts9363MAS2015-01-01T00:00:00ZVertebrate remainsWith finder2016-09-12T10:19:24Z2016-09-27T14:24:55Z811528425PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC1E1600176F243674NorthumberlandNZ327955.1043857-1.50000143league.shunts.prices10MAS MASMASAnimal skeletal material10232CompleteGoodNEOLITHICx14337POST MEDIEVALx41047Coastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckTooth01.JPG17images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:25:01.706Zfinds-99MAS-100009SHOTPOST MEDIEVALThis is an assemblage of six round cast iron and stone projectiles of varying sizes. Due to the ubiquitous nature of their design, it is difficult to accurately date cannonballs with any certainty. This issue is compounded by the wide variation in designs and calibres of the cannons that fired them and the lifespan of the weapon, with obsolete designs often still in use on merchant ships long after they had fallen out of service with the various navies of Northern Europe, who also used captured weapons on their vessels. Cast iron cannonballs are thought to have appeared at some point during the 15th century and were used as late as the last quarter of the 19th century, having gradually superseded stone cannonballs. By this time, rifled artillery had become the norm. From their general condition and flaking, these examples are heavily corroded. The round shot of speckled appearance could be granite, and may pre-date the cast iron round shot. An element of lead may also be involved in the manufacture of some of the shot in this assemblage.
The following potential identifications are based on the associated images for this record.
Images 1, 2 & 4:
Left: 4¼ inch iron cannonball, originally weighing approximately 10 pounds. A shot of this size may have been fired by a demi culverin. Demi culverin guns fired round shot of 4 - 4½ inch diameter weighing approximately 12 pounds (Collins 2016). The breaks may have happened after deposition due to the rusting and fracturing of iron.
Middle: 3¼ inch iron cannonball, originally weighing approximately 5 pounds. A shot of this size may have been fired by a saker. Saker guns fired round shot of 3 - 3¾ inch diameter weighing approximately 6 pounds (Collins 2016).
Right: 3¾ inch iron cannonball, originally weighing approximately 7 pounds. A shot of this size may have been fired by a saker. This is only a fragment of the cannonball, about two-thirds remain.
Images 3, 5 & 6:
Left: 2 inch stone shot (possibly granite), originally weighing approximately 1 pound. A shot of this size may have been fired by a falcon. Falcon ordnance of 2½ inch calibre fired round shot weighing approximately 1½ pounds (Collins 2016).
Middle: 1¾ inch possible lead alloy shot, originally weighing approximately 12 ounces. A shot of this size may have been fired by a base. Base ordnance of 1½ inch calibre fired round shot weighing approximately ½ a pound (Collins 2016).
Right: 1¼ inch possible lead alloy shot, originally weighing approximately 4 ounces. A shot of this size may have been fired by a musket. A musket is a long gun, fired from the shoulder, which is muzzle-loaded and has a smooth bore (Collins 2016).Armour and weapons3639160018751036/173MAS2016-09-14T00:00:00ZAmmunitionWith finder2016-09-28T09:40:32Z2017-04-13T10:06:30Z968282145PAS57BC1B67001A23219687EssexTQ818251.507938610.60677648workroom.fragments.went10MAS MASMASIron11019CastIncompleteCorrodedPOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYx41047Coastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckMAS100009Shot123a.jpg21images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:24:55.849Zfinds-1010MAS-100010FOOD AND DRINK SERVING CONTAINERROMANThis is a group of nine sherds of ceramic, of which six are samian ware (also called terra sigillata). Samian pottery is a mould-made, glossy red, mass-produced, fine tableware. It was first manufactured in northern Italy at the end of the 1st century BC, however by AD 43 production had moved to Gaul (France). The production of samian ware ended around AD 260.
The following interpretation is based on the photographs associated with this record. An examination of the fabric and surviving decorative elements may provide further information on the region of manufacture or production centre and the identity of the potter, which can indicate a more accurate date of production.
Images 1 & 4:
A sherd of the base of a samian vessel, form unknown. The easily legible name-stamp is that of Advocisus who worked at Lezoux (Central Gaul) c. AD 160 to AD 200.
Images 2 & 5:
Three decorated samian sherds that all appear to be from form 37 bowls and are suspected to be from Central Gaul. All three have surviving decorative elements.
Image 3:
This smaller samian base sherd was probably part of a cup form. Interestingly, it has been observed that samian cup forms are very strongly represented in the Essex region, especially at rural sites, to a degree not seen elsewhere (Willis 2004).
Image 5 (top right):
The form of this non-samian sherd suggests that it is of 1st or earlier 2nd century AD date.
Images 6 & 8:
This is a Roman jug rim that was probably made in Britain.
Image 7:
This is the rim of an imported Roman amphora. Amphora are a type of wheel-thrown container used for the transport and storage of liquids and dry products. As an inexpensive container for the transport of goods, they were broken up and discarded at their destination rather than being reused.Samian vessels are known to occur in structured deposits associated with water, and therefore are interpreted to have played a role in the activities undertaken at such locations (Willis 2004). In some instances, in Britain, samian ware was a selected and prominent element within assemblages deposited in wells or shafts and other wet places (Willis 2004). Food preparation and consumption2121-1003001037/173MAS2016-09-14T00:00:00ZContainer by functionWith finder2016-09-28T09:50:33Z2017-04-13T10:05:01Z10952813925PAS57BC1B67001A23219687EssexTQ818251.507938610.60677648workroom.fragments.went10MAS MASMASCeramic10539OtherMouldedFragmentGoodROMANx41218ROMANx41218x41218Coastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckMAS100010a.jpg27images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:24:51.595Zfinds-1111MAS-100011CLAY PIPE (SMOKING)NINETEENTH CENTURYThis is a very worn example of a 'cutty' (short) pipe (total length 115 mm) with a round-based spurless bowl imitating a briar pipe, and decorated with multiple 'thorns' - small pointed protrusions around the stem and bowl. This type of bowl was in use between c. 1850 and 1910 (Atkinson and Oswald 1969: type 30), and the thorn design was one of the many decorative types popular during this period (e.g. Ayto 1994:11; Hammond 2009: figure 7).
Clay tobacco pipes were manufactured (using two-piece moulds) in huge quantities in many towns and cities around the UK and were also imported from the Continent. They were cheap, highly disposable items, often given away with a pint of beer by the local publican. The short 'cutty' pipes were popular with working men as they could be smoked while working, whereas the longer pipes were more for smoking at leisure.
This clay pipe was found approximately 250 m outside the offshore designated area for the HMS Coronation wreck site. The period of the pipe's manufacture confirms that it is not associated with this vessel, which was wrecked in 1691. The pipe's location is thought to be within an extensive dumping site featuring artefacts dating from the 19th century through to the modern period.Although the clay pipe is not associated with HMS Coronation, there is still the potential for small and delicate items to be discovered beyond the extent of the protected areas that may be associated with the wreck.
HMS Coronation was an English Royal Navy Second Rate ship of the line, armed with 90 guns. Built at Portsmouth Dockyard and launched in 1685, it was wrecked in a storm in 1691 off Rame Head, Cornwall, with the loss of approximately 600 lives (Lavery 1983: 162).
After the discovery of the site in 1967, it was protected in 1978 under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 (1978 - Coronation offshore Site 17; 1989 - Coronation inshore Site 33). The offshore site has an exclusion zone radius of 150 m, while the inshore site has an exclusion zone radius of 250 m. Divers may apply for a licence to visit these sites.
The NRHE and Cornwall & Scilly HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of HMS Coronation.Dress and personal accessories3941185019101298/163MAS2016-09-23T00:00:00ZPersonal accessory1082129; 1082130Cornwall & Scilly HER Number: SX 44 NW 53; SX 44 NW 54With finder2016-09-28T13:16:16Z2016-10-12T14:23:58Z111151528439115PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC1E1600176F243750CornwallSX434850.31098713-4.20632722strict.crackles.falters10MAS MASMASCeramic10539OtherMouldedCompleteFairNINETEENTH CENTURYMODERNDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckWP_20160926_16_45_23_Pro.jpg29images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:24:46.443Zfinds-1212MAS-100012LANDING CRAFT INFANTRYMODERNThis hulk is situated on the River Deben, just outside of Melton (Suffolk) and is estimated to measure 11.5 m in length and 3 m in width. The structure is rectangular in shape with squared edges and straight sides. One end suggests the presence of a bulkhead and a hatch or doorway, while the other end is missing. Parts of possible rudder components are located close to the bulkhead, suggesting that this is the stern. Internal frames can be seen throughout the remaining structure; estimated measurements reveal a spacing of approximately 0.42 m. The hull is constructed of wood in a double diagonal layout, with metal plating over the top on the exterior of the hull. The hulk shows extensive deterioration and many of its fixtures and fittings have been stripped. A large proportion of the vessel is now missing.
The shape, size and construction are all indicative of a British Landing Craft Assault (LCA) from the Second World War (WW2). The basic structure of this type of landing craft was a double diagonal wooden hull, commonly built using mahogany (Lavery 2009:20), although other timber species were used to keep up with the number of vessels required. Steel armour plating was then added as an outer skin. The overall length of an LCA was 12.7 m (41.6 ft) with a beam of 3 m (10 ft) (Royal Marines Museum). The main feature of LCA's was the bow ramp, used for amphibious landings such as on D-Day. This part of the vessel appears to be missing and may explain why the hulk has no bulkhead or bow features. The main use of the vessel was for troop transport; this featureless area took up most of the length of the hull. The internal frame spacing of LCA's was 0.45 m (Lavery 2009:21). At the after end of the troop compartment was a watertight bulkhead that separated the engine room (Lavery 2009:19). This bulkhead had a hatch for access by the stoker, which may be what is visible on the remaining hulk. After the engine room there was no further armour plating, which serves to explain the complete loss of the stern. It is difficult to positively identify this vessel as, athough the hulk displays several characteristics of an LCA, with the overall lack of structure it is possible that the remains may be of a barge or similar vessel. The British LCA was developed early in WW2 to meet the need for landing troops on invasion beaches, being built between 1939 and 1945. The LCA was developed from a prototype designed by John Thornycroft Ltd, who then took up much of the LCA construction throughout the war (Lavery 2009:18). The landing craft proved to be a vital tool in WW2, particularly in the invasion of mainland Europe. The vessel allowed troops to be ferried from the main transport to the beachhead, with a shallow draft allowing it to be driven right into the shallows. Additionally, the low silhouette and almost silent engines added to the success of the vessel.
If this vessel is an LCA, its location suggests that it was possibly used as a training vessel. The south coast of Suffolk was extensively used for all kinds of training during WW2. A large area directly to the east of Woodbridge, and across the river from the hulk, was acquisitioned by the military for training purposes (Liddiard and Sims 2014:37). The coastline also made it ideal for training in amphibious landings.
The NRHE and Suffolk HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the 'Melton (north) hulk assemblage', an assemblage of seven hulked vessels in the intertidal zone at Melton, on the north bank of the River Deben. This site is recorded in two surveys: Rapid Field Survey of the Suffolk Coast and Intertidal Zone (Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service 2003) and Hulk Assemblages: Assessing the national context (Museum of London Archaeology 2011, 2013), however no vessel types are recorded. It has also been recorded through the Coastal and Intertidal Zone Archaeological Network (CITiZAN) No. 82023. Maritime craft41411939194513MAS2016-09-30T00:00:00ZLanding craft1526476Suffolk HER: TM 25 SE 52In situ2016-09-30T16:14:24Z2016-10-10T11:56:02Z123000115001142428235PAS57F2732E001889215934SuffolkTM285052.10131961.32763397hindering.declines.plays10MAS MASMASWood11988Steel11786IncompletePoorMODERNMODERNCoastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreckimage1.JPG33images/MASTH2017-11-06T18:24:41.953Zfinds-1616MAS-100016UNIDENTIFIED OBJECTPOST MEDIEVALThis assemblage of metal objects includes an iron handle possibly inscribed with letters; a lead sailmakers palm guard; a bronze scribe; a small gun powder measure; a cup; and what are possibly a musket ball and a rivet; along with several other metal objects of unknown function. All the items appear to be post medieval in date. It is thought that these finds are either being washed into the area from another location or are being exposed by erosion, as each visit to the location reveals more objects.36411038/173MAS2016-10-16T00:00:00ZWith finder2016-10-17T10:36:11Z2017-08-15T10:49:03Z16172835PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57BC21F300115B219687EssexTQ818251.507938610.60677648workroom.fragments.went10MAS MASMASUncertainPOST MEDIEVALx41047MODERNx41047Coastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckMAS100016b.jpg56images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:23:54.004Zfinds-1717MAS-100017MAMMAL REMAINSUNKNOWNThis cattle mandible, or lower jaw, is comprised of two incomplete sections; cattle mandibles are rarely encountered in the archaeological record as conjoined pairs (Zhang et al. 2013). The smaller piece is an incomplete section featuring both pre-molars and molars. The larger piece is fairly complete, with the exception of teeth, extending all the way to the part in which the incisors and canines would be located. This front section is separated from the molar and pre-molar root holes by the diastema.
Providing a relative date for this cattle mandible is challenging without further examination.Cattle are arguably the most important species of livestock - providing products such as meat, milk and leather; and strength for agricultural tasks (e.g. ploughing) (Zhang et al. 2013). The domestication of cattle (Bos spp) is generally accepted to have occurred around 10,500 years ago in the Near East (Zhang et al. 2013). Cattle dentition is an important archaeological signature of ancient cattle husbandry, as dentition varies between individual cattle due to genetics, diet and the geographical location in which they were raised. The age of an animal at death can also be determined by the stage of dental development and the wear of the mandibular teeth (McGrory et al. 2012: 3224).Ecofacts294113MAS2016-10-17T00:00:00ZVertebrate remainsIn situ2016-10-18T08:58:44Z2017-01-16T15:01:10Z172152825PAS57BC1B67001A23PAS57C96ECD001E82219687EssexTQ818251.507938610.60677648workroom.fragments.went10MAS MASMASAnimal skeletal material10232IncompleteMEDIEVALx14221MODERNCoastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_20161016_080811389.jpg64images/MASMF2017-11-06T18:23:50.425Zfinds-1818MAS-100018COSTRELPOST MEDIEVALA salt-glazed stoneware barrel costrel, almost certainly German and probably dating to the 17th century. Recovered in 1966 during a dive at a depth of approximately 50-60 ft, and found in association with two lots of cannon, cannonballs and lead sheeting.EMContainer36361600169913MAS2016-10-19T00:00:00ZFood and liquid storage containerWith finder2016-10-21T13:09:27Z2018-05-23T14:04:36Z181202829152-2.4749.45namely.bumps.misnamedMAS MASMASStonewareMouldedIncompletePOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckMAS100018a.jpg66images/MAS2020-09-08T15:39:33.98Zfinds-2020MAS-100020JARPOST MEDIEVALPottery sherd: a rim sherd from a Post Medieval glazed redware flanged bowl with a horizontal looped side handle. The sherd dates to the 17th/18th century. The manufacture and origin of the sherd is unknown due to the mass production of this type of kitchenware.Container3636160018001390/163MAS2016-10-31T00:00:00ZFood and liquid storage containerWessex Archaeology, Salisbury2016-12-13T09:55:35Z2017-04-03T11:14:33Z201528154PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR188251.494889831.13915054flipside.fearfulness.underpinned10MAS MASMASCeramic10539FragmentEncrustedPOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047Other chance findSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckPC120161.JPG74images/MASABB2020-07-31T18:21:16.835Zfinds-2626MAS-O100026SHIPS TIMBERNINETEENTH CENTURYTwo fragments of waterlogged wood with two copper fasteners dating from the post-medieval period onwards.
The wood may be the remains of two planks of wood used in the construction of a ship as the planks are secured with one copper fastening and a hole is visible where another fastening may have also been used. Copper rivets are the standard method of fastening the planks to each other in clinker constructed vessels, or in the planks to the ribs or frames (Traditional Maritime Skills website, accessed September 2017). Clinker is a method of constructing the hull of a boat by fixing wooden planks so that the planks overlap along their edges. The overlapping joint is called a land. If the plank is too short for the hull, it would be necessary to extend the plank by joining with another piece of wood. Planks are also known as strakes (rubbing strake for example) so this method is also known as lapstrake. It is a very traditional method of ship construction.
Metallic fastenings followed on from tree nails (also commonly known as trunnels and trennels), which were an older method of securing two planks together using wooden 'nails'.TRANSPORT36411008/173MAS2017-01-28T00:00:00ZVESSEL COMPONENTWith finder2017-01-28T22:05:37Z2018-05-22T15:29:15Z262142815PAS5989C577001EA7PAS5989C577001EA7222028North YorkshireNZ672154.57977665-0.96494213trek.amazed.stated10MAS MASMASWood11988FragmentPOST MEDIEVALx41047MODERNCoastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_0877.JPG83images/MASLR2018-05-22T14:29:15.772Zfinds-2828MAS-O100028BOTTLEPOST MEDIEVALA bottle made from dark green/black glass, bearing a protruding cork. It has a slightly concave body, flaring moderately at the base, leading to gently rounded shoulders with clear definition where they intersect with the neck. The neck itself is broadly straight, tapering slightly where it meets the finish. The finish is of either a double oil or brandy type. The bottle is reminiscent of a spirit bottle of the squat cylinder style, though vessels of this style were used to contain a variety of products beyond beers, wines and spirits. Bottles of this type were manufactured from at least the 1730's until the late 19th century, examples of both free blown and moulded vessels are known. This bottle is likely to have been hand blown in a mould, it bears a slight lean from the base but otherwise appears uniform.Container3639015/183MAS2017-02-22T00:00:00ZFood and liquid storage container2017-02-25T10:51:15Z2020-02-21T11:59:00Z2811814414213PAS5C5037EF001C03225469Isle of WightSZ629150.71533209-1.12317252corrupted.provider.spud10MAS MASMASGlass10879Wood11988BlownCompleteGoodPOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYx41047UnknownFB_IMG_1488019587915.jpg87images/MASPhil Trim2020-02-21T11:59:00.389Zfinds-2929MAS-D100029AMPULLAMEDIEVALAn incomplete, flask shaped ampulla made of lead dating to the late Medieval period, around AD 1350 to 1500. These objects are believed to have been used to transport holy liquid from pilgrim sites. The ampulla, found in the River Wear, has a rounded body that extends upwards into the neck and diverges outwards towards the top. One handle on the side of the neck is intact and the remains of a second handle is visible on the other side of the neck. The obverse side of the ampulla is rounded and there are no visible decorations remaining. A relief decoration of a small equal-armed cross within a circle is visible under raking light on the reverse, flat side of the body of the object.These are normally associated with Christian cross symbology.Holy water bottles made of lead were often brought from pilgrimage places as a souvenir. There is some suggestion that they were used in agricultural blessing ceremonies with the contents sprinkled on the ground during prayers and then the ampulla discarded, alternatively they were buried with their contents (Anderson 2010,182-203).
The object is being conserved/researched at Durham University as part of the Durham River Wear Assemblage ProjectReligion or Ritual29293MAS2016-09-15T00:00:00ZReligous or Ritual ContainerB.3399Durham University2017-02-28T09:58:52Z2018-05-23T14:03:02Z64292256125282415243607County DurhamNZ274254.77219974-1.58182606humid.pages.putty10MAS MASMASLead Alloy11095IncompleteCorrodedMEDIEVALx14221MEDIEVALx14221x14221DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckB3399.JPG90images/MAS2018-05-23T13:03:02.224Zfinds-3030MAS-O100030CANNON BALLPOST MEDIEVALSpherical ball composed of sandstone or igneous rock such as granite. The shot measures 50 mm in circumference and would date to the post medieval period.
Stone shot was carved by hand using chisels and picks, often being finished once on board a vessel. The use of stone was phased out around the 1630s when iron became a more favourable choice for shot.ARMOUR AND WEAPONS36361035/173MAS2016-10-29T00:00:00ZAMMUNITIONWith finder2017-03-07T10:37:59Z2017-08-15T10:45:03Z305012284815PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS59897C8A001BBB2MAS MASMASStone11794Hand madeCompleteFairPOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047Coastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckCannonballKarengwawremailadd.jpg91images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:21:17.587Zfinds-3131MAS-O100031TIMBERMODERNPossible ships timber or part of other marine or land based structure. Truncated rounded timber with hole and evidence of mounting plate for furniture, broken or rotted off at one end exposing heart wood and a knot in the wood. Approximately 2000 mm long and 600 mm in diameter. The undamaged half of the timber appears in good condition, implying a more recent date for the timber, whereas the other part appears to have suffered extensive degradation. The arrangement of damage to the timber suggests it may have been partially submerged during its useful life, possibly as part of a shore based instalment such as a jetty or quay.Timber29413MAS2017-03-09T00:00:00ZUnclassified worked timber2017-03-09T16:32:49Z2020-02-21T11:57:28Z316002000114235PAS5C5037EF001C03217765HampshireSZ699850.77748385-1.0227273minute.catch.muddy10MAS MASMASWood11988IncompletePoorMEDIEVALx14221MODERNCoastal walkingIMG_2450.JPG92images/MASPhil Trim2020-02-21T11:57:28.321Zfinds-4949MAS-D100049WATER CRAFT EQUIPMENTPOST MEDIEVALTwo circular wooden pulley sheaves. It is not clear whether these wooden pulley sheaves were a pair or from single sheave pulleys. Generally made from ash (Fraxinus), hickory (Carya) in the case of North America, or Lignum vitae. Lignum vitae, Latin for 'wood of life', is a trade wood, also called Guayacan or Guaiacum from the trees of the genus Guaiacum. The trees are indigenous to the Caribbean and the northern coast of South America and have been an important export crop to Europe since the beginning of the 16th century due to its extraordinary combination of strength, toughness, and density. It was also considered to have self lubricating properties. Ash though tough and elastic is prone to wet rot. Roller bushes were also introduced during the 1880s to reduce friction on the sheave pin. A sheave's size depended mostly on the rope it handled, the higher up the rigging the block was, and the lighter the ropes, the smaller they were. Sheaves also shrank in size as rope quality improved over time, and the introduction of iron parts also contributed to this process. However, many ships continued to use larger blocks due to their making the work easier and therefore requiring less crew to operate.This item was found along with a wooden belaying pin (MAS-D100032) and a marble tile (MAS-D100050).WATER CRAFT36391032/173MAS2017-03-14T00:00:00ZSHIPWith finder2017-03-14T07:28:01Z2017-09-26T13:21:53Z49214283115PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57C96ECD001E822MAS MASMASWood11988UncertainFairPOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_3921.JPG164images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:19:33.525Zfinds-5050MAS-D100050ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTPOST MEDIEVALA rough cut square marble tile with pink colouration and marine growth visible. The tile measures approximately 0.3 m in length. It has not been possible to provide furter identification at this time.This item was found along with a wooden belaying pin (MAS-D100032) and two pulley sheeves (MAS-D100049).ARCHITECTURE36391032/173MAS2017-03-14T00:00:00ZTILEWith finder2017-03-14T07:28:01Z2017-09-26T13:22:13Z501228215PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B2MAS MASMASStone11794IncompletePOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_3921.JPG165images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:19:30.224Zfinds-3232MAS-D100032WATER CRAFT EQUIPMENTPOST MEDIEVALA wooden belaying pin, approximately 0.4 m in length.
Belaying pins are either solid metal or wooden objects used on sailing ships to secure the running rigging. They are still seen today on traditional square rigged ships and replica vessels. More modern sailing vessels have tended to replace them with fixed cleats. Their design has little changed, comprising a rounded handle and cylindrical shaft of varying length and thickness, dependant on the workload placed on it. The shaft would fit into holes in pinrails, which lined the inside of the bulwarks around the base of the ship's mast, or a fife rail, which was a free-standing rail set on posts to hold the belaying pins to secure the ship's halyards. The ropes or lines would be wrapped around the pin in a figure of eight pattern to secure them. Similarly designed pins, known as thole pins, were inserted into the gunwales to act as a fulcrum for oars on small boats.This item was found along with two pulley sheeves (MAS-D100049) and a marble tile (MAS-D100050).TRANSPORT36391032/173MAS2017-03-14T00:00:00ZWATER CRAFT EQUIPMENTWith finder2017-03-14T07:28:01Z2017-09-26T13:11:50Z3211428415PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57C96ECD001E822MAS MASMASWood11988CompletePOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_3921.JPG104images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:21:06.602Zfinds-3535MAS-D100035JARMEDIEVALPart of a large clay storage jar. Due to the size of the fragment and the degree of marine growth on this item it has been tentatively identified as an olive jar, probably Spanish in origin, and dating anywhere between the medieval to post-medieval period (13th/14th to 18th century), most likely from the latter end of this date range (16th - 18th century).FOOD PREPARATON AND CONSUMPTION29361032/173MAS2017-04-06T00:00:00ZJARWith finder2017-04-07T15:57:16Z2017-09-26T13:12:28Z351528115PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B2MAS MASMASCeramic10539FragmentMEDIEVALx14221POST MEDIEVALx41047x14221DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_44381.JPG112images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:20:28.468Zfinds-3636MAS-D100036SAUCERPOST MEDIEVALPewter bowl measuring 15 inches in diameter by 2 1/2 inches in depth.
This find is a pewter dish or saucer (the term 'saucer' is used here to describe vessels used to contain sauces, in order to disguise or enhance the taste of food), probably dating somewhere between the 16th and 18th centuries - there are very similar examples, for instance, in 16th century contexts from Nonsuch Palace in Surrey (Rosemary Weinstein, 'Pewter vessels', in Biddle 2005). That doesn't mean that this vessel is a high-status object - saucers and dishes were among the most commonly made pewter items, and would have been in use in humbler households too.
Pewterers call chargers, dishes, plates and saucers 'sadware'. The difference between them is based on their sizes, with some overlap between the four occurring. Generally, they are now separated as saucers being anything under 7" (17.7 cm) in diameter, plates being 7" to 11" (17.7 to 27.8 cm) in diameter, dishes being 11" to 18" (27.9 to 45.6 cm) in diameter, and chargers being anything larger than this.
Early British sadware is usually characterised by a plain rim, a gently-rounded bouge and, often, a raised centre to the well. Unfortunately, only a small fraction survives in the archaeological record due to what we would now term recycling, but also because it does not survive well in the environment. Up until about 1640 styles remained relatively static, before a period of rapid changes for nearly a century occurred, before settling back to a stable style which continued until the use of pewter for sadware died out in the 19th century. From c.1640 there was a vogue for sadware with a steeper bouge and broad rim. In Britain, massive amounts of sadware was made between 1650 and 1780 as households across the social divide replaced their wooden tableware with 'modern' pewter. From c.1660 there was a demand for rims with multiple-reeded edges, before the rim widths steadily shrank back to where they had been, though some very narrow rims were also produced. Around 1700, the single reeded rim became popular and the plain rim also re-appeared, though without the gentler bouge of the earlier version. The single reed continued to be produced throughout the 18th century on sadware intended for export to America, but fell out of favour c.1730 for the domestic British market, with the plain rim dominated the market until production of pewter sadware ceased. A few variations did occur in the 18th century when non-circular plates with wavy or polygonal edges became popular amongst the wealthy in Britain in the later part of the century; engraved owners' crests were popular for a while and at the beginning of the century wrigglework decoration had a brief spell of popularity.FOOD AND DRINK SERVING CONTAINER36361056/173MAS2017-04-23T00:00:00ZSAUCERWith finder2017-04-25T10:27:27Z2017-09-26T13:12:49Z36133282115PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B2MAS MASMASTin or tin alloy11849IncompleteFairPOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck36_IMG_01.jpg117images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:20:24.026Zfinds-5151MAS-D100051DRINKING VESSELPOST MEDIEVALOne ivy leaf patterned teacup marked with the Davenport logo. This transfer printed refined ware (either pearlware or whiteware) cup dates to the 19th century. John Davenport acquired his own pottery in 1794, initially producing cream coloured blue-printed earthernware. Within 12 years the company's reputation and the quality of its porcelain was such that the future King George IV was ordering services from the company. John Davenport retired in 1830 and the company was continued to be run by his sons and their children until 1887 when the factory closed and the company was acquired by Burleigh Pottery.This item was found along with four square glass bottles (MAS-D100038).Container39391090/173MAS2017-05-21T00:00:00ZCUPWith finder2017-05-21T14:02:28Z2017-09-26T13:22:32Z5111928415PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR233651.079963081.18236287petty.jetting.hazy10MAS MASMASEarthenwareCompleteNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck38_8a0k1tqgoyrk.jpg133images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:19:26.673Zfinds-3838MAS-D100038BOTTLEPOST MEDIEVALFour glass bottles that are all square, mould-blown 'case bottles', with a typical tapering profile. The square shape enabled them to be packed more efficiently in a case than round bottles, and the tapering profile stopped them from sticking when removed from the case. These were used for gin (although undoubtedly also sometimes for other spirits or wine). Square case bottles were made in Europe from the middle of the 17th century, but the tapering form seems to have become more common in the 19th century. From the 1880s the bottles were machine made, and the rims properly finished - these examples therefore probably date to the 19th century, but pre-dating the 1880s.This item was found along with an ivy leaf teacup (MAS-D100051).FOOD AND DRINK SERVING CONTAINER36391090/173MAS2017-05-21T00:00:00ZWINE BOTTLEWith finder2017-05-21T14:02:28Z2017-09-26T13:13:09Z38418284115PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR233651.079963081.18236287petty.jetting.hazy10MAS MASMASGlass10879CompleteFairPOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck38_az9rlbhpze9s.jpg131images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:20:15.54Zfinds-3939MAS-D100039CANDLESTICKNINETEENTH CENTURYTwo mass produced glass candlesticks; one blue and one green that is badly damaged presumably having spent at least a century underwater. No further information is known about them at this time.Along with another candlestick (MAS-D100041), a gin bottle (MAS-D100053) and many ceramic objects, these two candlesticks have been recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis, a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten 1st class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis.HEATING AND LIGHTING393918561090/173MAS2017-05-22T00:00:00ZUPRIGHT CANDLESTICK1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-05-22T13:41:20Z2017-09-26T13:13:38Z39218284115PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR102650.9950660.99125136streamers.tanked.swan10MAS MASMASGlass10879CompleteFairNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck39_ajt8i16gs0sg.jpg134images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:20:11.395Zfinds-5252MAS-D100052JUGPOST MEDIEVALOne badly damaged ceramic jug with marine encrustration. The vessel is probably stoneware, but possibly glazed redware as there appears to be the characteristic 'orange peel' texture of salt-glazed stoneware visible in the photo, with the 'reeding' that you get round the rims of stoneware vessels. If this is the case it is almost certainly German in origin. The rounded shape would place it somewhere in the second half of the 16th century or first half of the 17th century.This item was found along with an onion bottle (MAS-D100040) and were recovered from the Goodwin Sands, Kent.CONTAINER36361091/173MAS2017-05-23T00:00:00ZDRINK SERVING CONTAINERWith finder2017-05-23T19:42:07Z2017-10-03T14:03:20Z52120282315PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B2MAS MASMASStonewareIncompletePoorPOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck40_mz32qhebl0cg.jpg138images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:19:22.233Zfinds-4040MAS-D100040BOTTLEPOST MEDIEVALOne onion bottle dated to c.1700.
Glass onion bottles were large hand-blown glass bottles, used aboard sailing ships to hold wine or brandy. For increased stability on rough seas, the bottles were fashioned with a wide-bottom shape to prevent toppling. Between c.1690 and c.1720 the outline of a wine bottle resembled an onion - a wide compressed globular body and a short neck (Robinson and Harding 2015). Most bottles before 1700 had a ring of glass just below the neck that gave anchorage to the string used to hold in variety of stoppers. The Dutch bottles usually had a longer neck than the English ones and featured a flat wraparound rim, while the English bottlenecks had an applied collar or laid on ring (Polak 2016).This item was found along with a large round jug (MAS-D100052) and were recovered from the Goodwin Sands, Kent.Container36361091/173MAS2017-05-23T00:00:00ZFood and liquid storage containerWith finder2017-05-23T19:42:07Z2017-10-04T09:49:26Z401182841415PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B2MAS MASMASGlass10879BlownCompletePOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck40_IMG_02.jpg137images/MASLR2017-11-06T18:20:06.692Zfinds-4141MAS-O100041CANDLESTICKNINETEENTH CENTURYOne green glass candlestick measuring 5.5 inches high and 3.5 inches wide. This candlestick is thought to date to the 19th century.This item was found along with a gin bottle (MAS-D100053) and is similar to other candlesticks discovered (MAS-D100039). All of these items were recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis, a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten First class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis.HEATING AND LIGHTING39391856092/173MAS2017-05-28T00:00:00ZUPRIGHT CANDLESTICK1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-05-29T08:46:26Z2017-09-26T13:14:17Z41118284215PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR183051.02800971.10748152immature.twang.uncouth10MAS MASMASGlass10879CompleteGoodNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck41_f3yhwrzgu1vk.jpg140images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:20:03.233Zfinds-5353MAS-O100053BOTTLEPOST MEDIEVALOne gin bottle measuring 11 inches high by 3 1/2 inches wide. This square, mould-blown 'case bottle', has the typical tapering profile. The square shape enabled the bottles to be packed more efficiently in a case than round bottles, and the tapering profile stops them from sticking when removed from the case. They were used for gin (although undoubtedly also sometimes for other spirits or wine). Square case bottles were made in Europe from the middle of the 17th century, but the tapering form seems to have become more common in the 19th century. From the 1880s the bottles were machine made, and the rims properly finished - this examples therefore probably date to the 19th century, but pre-dating the 1880s.This item was found along with three candlesticks (MAS-D100039 and MAS-D100041). All of these items were recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis, a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten First class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis.Container3939180018561092/173MAS2017-05-28T00:00:00ZDRINK SERVING CONTAINER1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-05-29T08:46:26Z2018-03-19T20:02:58Z531182815PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR183051.02800971.10748152immature.twang.uncouth10MAS MASMASGlass10879NINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYx41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck41_f3yhwrzgu1vk.jpg185images/MASABB2018-03-19T20:02:58.842Zfinds-4242MAS-D100042BOWLNINETEENTH CENTURYFragment of white ceramic bowl or lid marked with black and white geometric design and number '23'. Number appears to be hand-painted or stamped. Found loose on the seabed with a little marine growth present. This is a naval issue bowl probably used for drinking rather than smaller, handled cups, as they were more practical on board a ship. The number refers to the mess number, and the bowls were designed to be stored upside-down. The find dates to the late 19th or 20th century.CONTAINER39411119/173MAS2017-05-03T00:00:00ZFOOD SERVING CONTAINERWith finder2017-05-29T15:59:39Z2017-09-26T13:19:10Z425110160152811315PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B214362DorsetSZ057950.6106936-1.93069645excuse.snore.bookings10MAS MASMASCeramic10539GeometricFragmentPoorNINETEENTH CENTURYMODERNDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckLid3.jpg147images/MASLR2017-11-06T18:19:59.264Zfinds-4545MAS-D100045BOTTLEPOST MEDIEVALBase of a broken glass onion bottle found loose on the seabed with quite a lot of marine growth present, including over the broken edges. Found on Marl Beds - not long after passing over an area of numerous fairly amorphous concretions apparently loose on the coarse sandy seabed.FOOD AND DRINK SERVING CONTAINER36361120/173MAS2017-05-17T00:00:00ZCONTAINERWith finder2017-05-30T11:34:20Z2020-02-28T15:54:03Z4511828115PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57C96ECD001E82214362DorsetSZ058050.61968642-1.93068328princely.meaning.pulps10MAS MASMASGlass10879FragmentPOST MEDIEVALx41047POST MEDIEVALx41047x41047DivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckOnionbottle1.JPG150images/MASABB2020-02-28T15:54:03.447Zfinds-4646MAS-D100046JARNINETEENTH CENTURYTwo stoneware jars with feldspathic glaze over yellow ochre dip on upper part of vessels. One carries the stamped mark of the manufacturer: 'Doulton & Watts' Lambeth Pottery'. The firm of Doulton and Watts was established in 1820 as Watts and Doulton, becoming Doulton and Watts by 1826 (Tyler et al. 2005, 12). This particular stamp was used until 1858, when John Watts died, after which the name Doulton appeared alone (Eyles and Irvine 2002, Appendix II), although the company name of Doulton and Watts was used in trade catalogues until at least 1873. Feldspathic glazes were introduced in the 1830s.
The two jars are of similar form, although differing slightly in size. This particular jar form is known as an 'export jam jar' in the Doulton & Watts catalogue for 1873, made in sizes from ½ lb to 6 lb (Tyler et al. 2005, fig. 54). The narrow mouth would either have held a bung of some kind, or have been fitted with a patent airtight closure.This item was found along with seven bowls (MAS-D100047). All of these items were recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis, a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten First class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis. CONTAINER3939182018561118/173MAS2017-06-03T00:00:00ZFOOD AND LIQUID STORAGE CONTAINER1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-06-03T17:01:01Z2017-09-26T13:19:37Z467612725284215PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR183051.02800971.10748152immature.twang.uncouth10MAS MASMASCeramic10539CompleteGoodNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck46_terracotta2.jpg153images/MASLR2017-11-06T18:19:44.173Zfinds-4747MAS-D100047BOWLNINETEENTH CENTURYSeven Chinese style bowls most likely to be made of porcelain. There is a parallel for the base mark that looks as though it's imitating Chinese porcelain marks. This is the mark of Charles Meigh of Hanley, Staffordshire, operating between 1835-49, but it was also used by the preceding company, J. Meigh and Son (c.1805-34) and the succeeding company, Charles Meigh and Son (1851-61) (Godden 1964, 428-429). The CM mark in the '..CASTER' stamp suggests that it's Charles Meigh, which puts the date just before the wreck date.This item was found along with two stoneware jars (MAS-D100046) and were recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis. Other objects similar in style to the ceramic recorded here have also been recovered on different occasions from this wreck site (MAS-D100048, MAS-D100054, MAS-D100058, MAS-D100059) along with other non-ceramic objects including candlesticks, a deadeye and three square portholes.
The Josephine Willis was a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten First class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis.CONTAINER3939180518561118/173MAS2017-06-03T00:00:00ZFOOD SERVING CONTAINER1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-06-03T17:39:00Z2017-09-26T13:20:13Z4712772752843215PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR183051.02800971.10748152immature.twang.uncouth10MAS MASMASCeramic10539OtherCompleteGoodNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck47_terracottawithbowls.jpg156images/MASLR2017-11-06T18:19:39.922Zfinds-5454MAS-D100054JUGNINETEENTH CENTURYFour milk jugs with a Chinese style design and a light grey coloured pattern and appear to be made of porcelain (although this has not been confirmed). Similar in decorative style to the bowls recorded as MAS-D100047, it is assumed that the these milk jugs were made by either Charles Meigh of Hanley, Staffordshire (1835-49), the preceding company, J. Meigh and Son (c.1805-34), or the succeeding company, Charles Meigh and Son (1851-61) (Godden 1964, 428-429).These items were found along with 11 teacups of a similar style (MAS-D100048) and were recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis. Other items similar in style to the ceramic recorded here have also been recovered on different occasions from this wreck site (MAS-D100047, MAS-D100058 and MAS-D100059), along with other non-ceramic objects including candlesticks, a deadeye and three square portholes.
The Josephine Willis was a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten First class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis.FOOD AND DRINK SERVING CONTAINER3939180518561121/173MAS2017-06-04T00:00:00ZDRINK SERVING CONTAINER1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-06-04T14:40:20Z2017-09-26T13:23:26Z54127178452843215PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR183051.02800971.10748152immature.twang.uncouth10MAS MASMASCeramic10539OtherCompleteGoodNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck48_e5gqhq3pvke8.jpg159images/MASLR2017-11-06T18:19:12.149Zfinds-4848MAS-D100048CUPNINETEENTH CENTURYEleven teacups measuring 4 inches x 3 inches in size. The cups have a Chinese style design with a light grey colour pattern, and appear to be made of porcelain (although this has not been confirmed). Similar in decorative style to the bowls recorded as MAS-D100047, it is assumed that these teacups were made by either Charles Meigh of Hanley, Staffordshire (1835-49), the preceding company, J. Meigh and Son (c.1805-34), or the succeeding company, Charles Meigh and Son (1851-61) (Godden 1964, 428-429).These items were found along with four milk jugs of a similar style (MAS-D100054) and were recovered from the wreck of Josephine Willis. Other items similar in style to the ceramic recorded here have also been recovered on different occasions from this wreck site (MAS-D100047, MAS-D100058 and MAS-D100059) along with other non-ceramic objects including candlesticks, a deadeye and three square portholes.
The Josephine Willis was a New Zealand sail and steam propelled packet ship built in c.1840. The ship was carrying 110 people on board bound for Auckland, comprising ten First class passengers, 60 steerage and 40 crew. It sank in 1856 following a collision with Mangerton with the loss of 69 lives. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Josephine Willis.CONTAINER363918561121/173MAS2017-06-04T00:00:00ZROUNDED CUP1025695Kent HER Number: TR 22 NE 45With finder2017-06-04T14:40:20Z2017-09-26T13:21:29Z48115284215PAS57C96ECD001E82PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR183051.02800971.10748152immature.twang.uncouth10MAS MASMASCeramic10539CompleteGoodPOST MEDIEVALx41047NINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck48_6btxqbz9feyo.jpg158images/MASABB2017-11-06T18:19:36.647Zfinds-6262MAS-O100062HANDAXEPALAEOLITHICLower Palaeolithic ovate handaxe dating to around 250,000 years bp (before present). Patina evident on its surface indicates that the tool has been deposited in chalk, therefore it probably originated offshore and was washed onshore (rather than eroded from terrestrial river terraces). This identification was made by Bryan Popple of Bournemouth Natural Science Society and Museum. Matt Leivers, an in-house specialist at Wessex Archaeology believes it is a very rolled and abraded Lower Palaeolithic handaxe that has clearly been around on the seabed for a considerable period of time.This item was found with a smaller handaxe (MAS-O100099).TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT223MAS2017-06-18T00:00:00ZCUTTING EQUIPMENTWith finder2017-06-30T10:43:04Z2018-05-23T14:01:47Z6211028415PAS5989C577001EA7PAS5ACF2C1A00167D217765HampshireSZ229350.73620009-1.68961218work.decompose.fish10MAS MASMASFlint10837CompleteFairPALAEOLITHICx14387PALAEOLITHICx14387x14387Coastal walkingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of WreckIMG_20170620_120402.jpg170images/MASLR2018-05-23T13:01:47.413Zfinds-6363MAS-D100063BOTTLENINETEENTH CENTURYFive olive green case gin bottles with a square tapered body and four dots on base.
Some of the earliest spirit bottles were square in cross section and generally designed to contain gin, though undoubtedly contained various types of alcohol and possibly wine. Commonly called "case gin" or "taper gin" bottles since they would pack more efficiently to a case (six to 24 bottles) than round bottles. Case gin bottles are square with a more or less distinct taper inwards from the shoulder to the base. The neck is very short to almost non-existent with the finishes varying from a laid-on ring, flared, mineral finish, oil, and even a blob. This shape and style of bottle originated, and was commonly made, in Europe at least as early as the mid-17th century (https://sha.org/bottle/liquor.htm#CaseGinbottles accessed October 2017). These examples do not exhibit the bevelled corners generally seen on bottles of the 1860s or later and may therefore be earlier 19th century.These items were found with two clay pipes (MAS-D100079) and two perfume bottles (MAS-D100080).
All of these items were recovered from the wreck Loanda. Built in 1891 at Barrow-in-Furness (Cumbria) by the Naval Construction and Armaments Co., Loanda was a two-masted screw-driven steamer owned by the British and African Steam Navigation Co. On 31 May 1908, following a collision with SS Junona, Loanda foundered while under tow 1 mile east of St Margaret's at Cliffe, Kent. At the time of loss, the vessel was bound from Hamburg, Germany, to West Africa with a general cargo. This cargo, which has seen significant recovery by divers, included: clay pipes; bottles of wine and gin; glass beads; perfume bottles; pencils, writing slates and inkpots; lamps; and teacups, lids, dishes, pots, saucers, plates, jugs and eggcups. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.
NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.CONTAINER39391185/173MAS2017-07-12T00:00:00ZFOOD AND LIQUID STORAGE CONTAINER901835Kent HER Number: TR 34 SE 108With finder2017-07-15T15:13:43Z2020-03-30T14:10:00Z6370250518284215PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR384451.14575261.4013985ramp.slouched.ambient10MAS MASMASGlass10879CompleteGoodNINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURYDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck63_Bottle1.jpg174images/MASLR2020-03-30T13:10:00.805Zfinds-7979MAS-D100079CLAY PIPE (SMOKING)NINETEENTH CENTURYAll three pipes here are complete and are of the short or 'cutty' form. Two of the pipes measure 100 mm and have bowls in the form of a male head, wearing a thin-brimmed cap, while the third, which measures 120 mm, has a simple impression pattern around the outside of the rim. The male head on two of the pipes has previously been thought to represent a military figure or the head of a French soldier. They fall into a group of more elaborate decorative pipes with bowls moulded in the form of human heads and animals, that were common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such decorative pipes would have been commonly exported.
Tobacco was grown in West Africa from the 17th century, where the inhabitants made their own pipes. The manufacture evolved from that of pottery vessels, but they also imported some through the Atlantic trade (Knight 2010, 67), which is likely what these pipes represent.These items were found with five gin bottles (MAS-D100063) and two perfume bottles (MAS-D100080).
All of these items were recovered from the wreck Loanda. Built in 1891 at Barrow-in-Furness (Cumbria) by the Naval Construction and Armaments Co., Loanda was a two-masted screw-driven steamer owned by the British and African Steam Navigation Co. On 31 May 1908, following a collision with SS Junona, Loanda foundered while under tow 1 mile east of St Margaret's at Cliffe, Kent. At the time of loss, the vessel was bound from Hamburg, Germany, to West Africa with a general cargo. This cargo, which has seen significant recovery by divers, included: clay pipes; bottles of wine and gin; glass beads; perfume bottles; pencils, writing slates and inkpots; lamps; and teacups, lids, dishes, pots, saucers, plates, jugs and eggcups. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.
NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.DRESS AND PERSONAL ACCESSORIES39411185/173MAS2017-07-12T00:00:00ZPIPE (SMOKING)901835Kent HER Number: TR 34 SE 108With finder2017-07-15T15:13:43Z2020-03-30T14:10:58Z79100352847115PAS5989C577001EA7PAS5989C577001EA7218210KentTR384451.14575261.4013985ramp.slouched.ambient10MAS MASMASCeramic10539FigurativeCompleteFairNINETEENTH CENTURYMODERNDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck63_Pipe2.jpg178images/MASLR2020-03-30T13:10:58.804Zfinds-8080MAS-D100080PERFUME BOTTLENINETEENTH CENTURYTwo clear glass perfume bottles.
One has a square tapered body and measures 85 mm by 35 mm while the other measures 95 mm by 40 mm and has a round body complete with a round stopper and still contains yellow liquid. Perfume bottles were part of the vessel's cargo and many other bottles have been salvaged from the wreck by divers during recent years. Their form would be entirely consistent with a date around the turn of the 19th/20th century. These items were found with five gin bottles (MAS-D100063) and three clay pipes (MAS-D100079).
All of these items were recovered from the wreck Loanda. Built in 1891 at Barrow-in-Furness (Cumbria) by the Naval Construction and Armaments Co., Loanda was a two-masted screw-driven steamer owned by the British and African Steam Navigation Co. On 31 May 1908, following a collision with SS Junona, Loanda foundered while under tow 1 mile east of St Margaret's at Cliffe, Kent. At the time of loss, the vessel was bound from Hamburg, Germany, to West Africa with a general cargo. This cargo, which has seen significant recovery by divers, included: clay pipes; bottles of wine and gin; glass beads; perfume bottles; pencils, writing slates and inkpots; lamps; and teacups, lids, dishes, pots, saucers, plates, jugs and eggcups. NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.
NRHE and Kent HER reference numbers cited in this record refer to the wreck of Loanda.CONTAINER39411185/173MAS2017-07-12T00:00:00ZCOSMETIC CONTAINER901835Kent HER Number: TR 34 SE 108With finder2017-07-15T15:13:43Z2020-03-30T14:10:11Z804095218284215PAS5989C577001EA7PAS57BC21F300115B218210KentTR384451.14575261.4013985ramp.slouched.ambient10MAS MASMASGlass10879CompleteGoodNINETEENTH CENTURYMODERNDivingSubmitted as wreck to the Receiver of Wreck63_Flakon1.jpg176images/MASLR2020-03-30T13:10:11.612Z